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Pope Martin IV
Pope Martin IV, ((ラテン語:Martinus IV); c. 1210/1220 – 28 March 1285), born Simon de Brion, was Pope from 22 February 1281〔http://www2.fiu.edu/~mirandas/bios1261.htm#Brion〕 to his death in 1285.
==Early life==
Simon de Brion, son of Jean, sieur de Brion, was born at the château of Meinpincien,〔Nikolaus Backes, ''Kardinal Simon de Brion'' (Breslau) 1910, used by H.K. Mann and J. Hollnsteiner, ''The Lives of the Popes in the Middle Ages'' XVI (London) 1932: 171–205., both quoted by 〕 Île-de-France, France, in the decade following 1210. He had a brother named Gilo, who was a knight in diocese of Sens.〔F. Duchesne, ''Preuves de l' histoire de tous les cardinaux françois'' (Paris 1660) p. 220.〕 The seigneurial family of Brion, who took their name from Brion near Joigny, flourished in the ''Brie français''.〔The ''Brie champenoise'', by contrast, consisted of that part of the pays of Brie that lay within territories of the counts of Champagne. As a measure of the fractionalisations caused by feudalism, the sieur de Brion nevertheless held his seigneurie of Meinpincien from the count of Champagne.〕 He spent time at the University of Paris,〔César du Boulay, ''Historia Universitatis Parisiensis'' Tomus III (Paris 1655), p. 710. He studied the Liberal Arts as a youth.〕 and is said to have then studied law at Padua and Bologna. Through papal favour he received a canonry at Saint-Quentin in 1238 and spent the period 1248–1259 as a canon of the cathedral chapter in Rouen, finally as archdeacon.〔As ''Magister Simon de Meinpiciaco'' he signed a document at Louviers, 2 March 1248. (Kay 1965:463).〕 At the same time he was appointed treasurer of the church of St. Martin in Tours by King Louis IX of France,〔F. Duchesne, ''Preuves de l' histoire de tous les cardinaux françois'' (Paris 1660) pp. 218-219.〕 an office he held until he was elected pope in 1281. In 1255-1259, King Louis IX founded the French royal convent at Longchamps for the Poor Clares (Minoresses); the King's sister Isabelle was the patroness (though she never entered the cloister herself),〔Gábor Klaniczay, ''Holy Rulers and Blessed Princesses: Dynastic Cults in Medieval Central Europe'' (Cambridge: CUP 2002), p. 237.〕 and Simon de Brion was the Guardian.〔Robert Brentano, ''Rome before Avignon: A Social History of Thirteenth Century Rome'' (Berkeley-Los Angeles: University of California Press 1990), p. 230. ''Acta Sanctorum Augusti'' Vol. 6, p. 789.〕 In 1259, he was appointed to the council of the king, who made him keeper of the great seal, chancellor of France, one of the great officers in the household of the king. He became Chancellor of Louis IX of France (1260-1261).〔F. Duchesne, ''Histoire des chanceliers et gardes des sceaux de France'' (Paris 1680), 234-236.〕
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